Physics Research Assignment Essay

Presentation The investigation of material science has largy affected the improvement of street security. The investigation of Newton’s Laws, motivation and force help to lessen beginning energy or abatement drive (pace of progress of force) to ensure travelers. Mechanical advances and investigations of vehicle crashes increment the car industry’s comprehension of the powers in question and methods of decreasing impacts of crashes. Inside vehicles, numerous vehicle security gadgets are introduced, for example, safety belts, air packs, fold zones and head rests. Present day street configuration diminishes the underlying or pace of progress of energy and therefore the effect of impact through accident hindrances, speed zones and hindrances. Vehicle security gadgets Safety belts Safety belts are structured with the goal that travelers are controlled as opposed to proceeding to push ahead at the car’s speed when the brakes of a moving vehicle are applied. In this circumstance, there is a propensity for a body to oppose changes to its movement, called latency. (Newton’s first law) The halting power is applied to the more sturdy pieces of the body, for example, hips, chest and shoulder. This is rather than the human head colliding with windshield if no safety belt is worn. Inactivity reel safety belts Inactivity reel safety belts have a chamber that stores additional belt material on a spool. The spool turns uninhibitedly regularly for development. In case of an abrupt change in speed, a pendulum in the reel plunges forward to bolt and limit the tenant. It is named ‘inertia reel’ because of the inactivity of the pendulum to cause belt locking. Various kinds of safety belt The lap safety belt is fixed over the pelvis and retains power over a sizeable zone. Anyway they don't keep the head and chest area from reeling forward in light of deceleration and are lacking particularly for front travelers, who hazard hitting the windscreen. The lap band safety belt consolidates a lap safety belt over the pelvis just as more than one shoulder over the chest. This significantly confines development of the chest area and head just as spreading the halting power over a bigger region. Shoulder outfits limit upper middle development much further. Two are belts fall over the shoulders and a discretionary tie lies over the sternum. It is powerful in the manner power is spread over the two shoulders contrasted with one shoulder in lap scarf. Shoulder tackles are normally exercised in youngster self control frameworks and dashing vehicles. The nylon webbing material in safety belts is marginally adaptable so the stop isn't as unexpected. Airbags Airbags give an additional level of insurance in a crash by padding travelers in an impact, extraordinarily constraining fatalities and genuine injury. They are intended to expand the time span during which the driver’s energy diminishes in a crash to diminish the net power of the driver. They blow up when crash sensors identify enormous deceleration. Sensors at that point touch off the sodium azide, delivering sodium mixes and nitrogen gas for a responsive blast. The airbags blow up quickly to pad the effect of the traveler against the guiding wheel, dashboard or windshield. Airbags are to be utilized with safety belts, not as a substitution. A burden of airbags is they give no insurance against side-on hits, just frontal crashes. Progressively costly vehicles are creating side airbags to battle this. Head rests Cushioned headrests give insurance in backside crashes. At the point when a vehicle is back finished, a huge net power pushes the vehicle and it quickens forward. The inactivity, in view of Newton’s first law, drives the traveler into the seat. Without a head rest for help, the head stays very still until the spine pulls it forward. This abrupt, sharp speeding up for the head makes it toss back and brings about hyperextension and whiplash wounds. Fold Zones Numerous vehicles are intended to fold at the front and back. Fold zones increment the time span during which the energy of the vehicle changes during an impact, therefore reducing the powers. Newton’s second law (f=ma) can be applied, as expanded ?time will bring about a diminishing pace of deceleration ‘a’ and subsequently decrease power. Fold zones are constructed utilizing the combination of steel and fiberglass in the front and backside congregations of the vehicle. Inflexible structures between fold zones ensure the traveler compartment. In a crash, the fold zones twist to slow the genuine effect. The vehicle doesn’t recapture all its unique motor vitality, as a portion of this is changed over to warmth and sound vitality to diminish harm to traveler territory through littler powers. As fold zones are set in key areas, the breakdown is controlled and vitality from sway is coordinated away from traveler territory. Street structure Hindrances and low speed zones Neighborhood chambers acquainted Speed Humps with lessen the general speed of vehicles. Proof shows that more slow moving vehicles cause less harm to inhabitants if an accident results. It has been assessed that danger of death or genuine mind harm duplicates with each 16km/h over 80km/h. Hindrances limit drivers from speeding as hitting the protuberance too quick can cause vehicle harm. Low speed zones likewise lessen the speed of vehicles. A decrease of speed will diminish the opportunity of a mishap as drivers have more opportunity to respond just as diminishing the adjustment in energy and related inertial powers in impacts. The police implements speed signs and breaking point zones and speeding is checked by speed cameras. In NSW, the general urban breaking point is 60 km/h for streets in developed zones where there are people on foot. Crash Barriers Crash hindrances are street configuration includes that ingest the effect of impacts. They are developed out of steel, cement or wire. A few sorts of unbending accident boundaries can't ingest a great part of the active vitality of the vehicle, however keep the vehicle out and about and forestall colliding with progressively risky side of the road perils or vehicles from inverse bearing. Crash boundaries ought to be generally frail with vitality engrossing structures so they can disfigure effectively and move a lot of motor vitality to them in impacts. For obstructions protecting against perils, for example, trees, they should be a reasonable separation away, as space is required for it to distort. At the point when a vehicle impacts, the hindrances misshape and stop the vehicle through a furrowing activity, keeping the response powers generally low. The drive (change in energy) is decreased, as the vehicle takes more time to back off. The hindrance of crash obstructions is they may cause vehicle harm (folding) and unbending ones may redirect a vehicle into the contrary path. The development of street security The advancement of vehicles with more noteworthy size, force and energy has brought about the requirement for enhancements in vehicle security gadgets and current street structure. The investigation of material science has permitted wellbeing highlights in both the inside and outside of vehicles to forestall huge powers following up on travelers in crashes. This is the reason scientists and designers are persistently going to laws of material science for counsel. Street configuration highlights lessen starting speed to decrease the danger of mishaps just as its effect on the traveler. Car security organizations are proceeding to create gadgets to improve vehicle wellbeing, including inflatable safety belts, 4-point safety belts and knee airbags to give some examples. With the huge level of the populace driving †powers, force, motivation and vitality are on the whole factors that must be controlled as our lives rely upon it.

Policing and the Bill of Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policing and the Bill of Rights - Essay Example Also, policing corrections are convinced on the off chance that somebody is arrested based on starting point, religion, and race and so forth. Police are supported to continue a harmony among adaptability and security that the legislature has framed. US has memorable put more greatness on the edge of adaptability and has been described as a preliminary in composed freedom (Keenan 10-108). It has been indicated that the police officer play a focused capacity in the accomplishment of this preliminary, and along these lines, it is moreover a preliminary the U.S. government in guideline implementation and peacekeeping. Perhaps the greatest case of warrantless hunt and following calls is â€Å"Water Gate scandal†. The mystery operators, with the forces of fourth amendment of constitution, had caught the evil components utilized in races. By this activity, the government officials, who utilize the malicious stunts to win political race, get the exercise. The IV correction is characterized as: â€Å"The right of the individuals to be secure in their people, houses, papers, and impacts, against absurd ventures and seizures, will not be abused, and no Warrants will issue, yet upon reasonable justification, bolstered by Oath or assertion, and especially depicting the spot to be looked, and the people or things to be seized†. From all â€Å"search and seizures† won't be negated by warrants distributed without starting point probability. It is supported by promise or vow or not as described the area to be looked for or the people. It is depicted from overseeing gathering with the planned special case was corrected on the discussions. It is circulating practically equivalent to the all sort of individuals. What's more, the correction was propelled to twofold check and it would be overseen by a fundamental advisory group. Couple of adjustments denied to be coordinated into the tongue of the piece of the home and the vernacular of the lawful arrangement was approved. As the revision reported, the contention over the â€Å"search and

Experience With Term Paper Writing Services

Experience With Term Paper Writing ServicesNo one likes to be writing, and most writers enjoy having the experience with term paper writing services. Many writers find that their work gets more polished as they do more work. It is easier to take notes, re-read passages and answer questionnaires when you have someone else doing it for you.Term paper writing services can make a person's life much easier. It does not matter whether the writer is a student or an adult; everyone can benefit from having their writing done by a professional. They make the person involved much more efficient in a way that makes sense. A less-than-perfect writing style does not have to follow.Getting information across to the reader through an essay does not have to be done without the writer's understanding of what the task entails. In fact, most people appreciate being able to look over a particular piece of work and see how the writer intends for the work to be used. It is easy to gauge which parts need to be followed and which are simply custom-made suggestions.One of the most important parts of completing a paper is to make sure the spelling and grammar of the paper are correct. It is a bad practice to be caught out by such mistakes in a writing assignment. Most readers will be a lot more willing to look over a paper with errors if they know that there is some type of evidence that they should be found there.It is not difficult to check a piece for such inconsistencies, so it is easy to ensure that the correct spelling and grammar are being used and that the wordings are correct. A decent spelling and grammar checker can often make a difference between getting a pass and getting a failing grade. Even a very slight difference in such a key aspect of the writing task can make a huge difference in its overall quality.It is also worth remembering that many of the essays that appear in various different kinds of publications have been made by writers who have had some experience with wr iting before. This may have been at some point in their lives, but it is far easier to catch errors while working with the writer's experience. The writer should not make the mistake of simply changing their style to be 'more formal' or to get the 'high marks' that would be received at such competitions.Whether the term paper writer is a student or an adult, it is always worthwhile to have a project that is a reflection of the writer's work. It is likely that the writer will have a number of projects going on at the same time. Keeping them all to the same standard helps everyone enjoy a less stressful lifestyle.Term paper writing services offer more than just basic formatting and production. They can make the writer's life a little bit easier and produce a better grade for the assignment. It is all about making the writer's experience with term paper writing services as pleasant as possible.

Medical Ethics And Health Care - 836 Words

Health care is always an ever-changing field and embodiment of knowledge with passionate and wise health care professionals who want to make positive differences. There are infinite health care resources to read, understand, and use the valuable information to better the health care environment. Whether health care professionals work in nursing homes, clinics, health centers, hospitals, or outpatient centers it’s a desire to research pertinent websites. The seven websites mentioned are imperative to every health care manager and administrator. There is a constant need to learn and be informed of changes, new laws, codes, and health care education. Many health care websites are very relevant to the growing health care world, but some websites are highly important to health care ethics. One of the websites that pertains to health care ethics is the Institute of Medical Ethics (IME). This website holds a wide variety of medical ethics information ranging from current news, events , and journal stories of right versus wrong and physician stories. This website was designed to improve medical care ethics and discussions of significant issues in the health care profession and around the world. Many topics of research has been covered by (IME) such as, HIV/AIDS, nursing ethics, violence, medical ethics, prolonging life and assisting death. (IME) is a membership organization, conducts teaching and learning worldwide, and holds conferences in the UK. Another health care ethicsShow MoreRelatedManaging Medical Ethics and Legal Requirements in a Primary Care and Health Environment4892 Words   |  20 PagesLevel 5 Diploma in Primary Care and Health Management 4419-601 Managing Medical Ethics and Legal Requirements in a Primary Care and Health Environment TABLE OF CONTENTS TASK | PAGE | Task 1Managing medical ethics is a fundamental part of a Manager’s role. It is the responsibility of the Manager to understand the guiding principles of medical ethics and apply them within the organisation | | a) Reflect on the journey of medical ethics and interpret how the principles of theRead More Codes of Ethics in Health Care Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide a procedure if a code violation occurs. Medical ethics began as a professional code for physicians and has now expanded and includes a variety of health care professions and health care organizations. The growth of medical knowledge and technology have grown so have the concerns that ethical standards and issues facing our society today may be compromised or not appropriately addressed (Littleton et al., 2010). Identify Codes of Ethics Applicable in My Professional Practice I am aRead MoreProfessional Practice Issues Of Health Care Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Practice Issues in Health Care - Ethics Introduction Medical ethics play a huge role in the health care industry. A crucial part of a health care professional s role is to apply appropriate ethical guidelines into clinical settings. Due to its importance there is unlimited amount of references available in different forms regarding to this specific topic, however, the quality, reliability and relevance of each reference can remain questioned and requires further consideration. InRead MoreEthical Healthcare Issues Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesWanda Douglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policies, especially with the use of electronic medical records (EMR). ManyRead MoreEthics And Public Health Ethics851 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishable differences between medical ethics and public health ethics. Medical ethics pertain primarily to the individual that is involved in the care paradigm (Coleman, Bouà «sseau, Reis, Capron, 2007). Public health ethics, by contrast, are focused primarily on the health of the population as a whole. The American Public Health Association has published its own code of public health ethics that it felt most appropriately provided guiding principles to the public health sector (Thomas, Sage, DillenbergRead MoreProfessional A nd Personal Application Statement1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ethical challenges and issues that will be faced, as well as communicating the importance of ethics to other nursing professionals (Jormsri et al., 2005). In order to be prepared to handle the task of addressing ethical issues, both on a personal and professional level as an advanced practice nurse, it is necessary to demonstrate a comprehension of nursing ethics and to consider how those ethics will be integrated into professional practice. The ethical challenges that will be faced as a nursingRead MoreThe Ethics And Values Of Healthcare912 Words   |  4 PagesEthics according to the Webster dictionary, â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad; ethics; an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior; a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong; a belief that something is very important.† (Merriam-Webster, 2015) My own definiti on of ethic is practicing kindness, respect, and fairness. Taking credit for the work you have done regardless good or bad. I believe children shouldRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethics And Values On Clinical Practices1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Ethics and Values in Clinical Practices The importance of an ethical basis for medical practice has been emphasized in recent years. Several groups and countries have called for a broadly embraced, basic curriculum in ethics for students in the medical profession (Lakhan, Hamlat, McNamee, Laird, 2009). The United States has no standardized curriculum in medical ethics, but ethics courses are now common in medical schools (Lakhan, Hamlat, McNamee, Laird, 2009). ProfessionalRead MorePatient Safety Is Vital For The Practice Of Medicine979 Words   |  4 PagesPatient safety is vital in the practice of medicine. In medical laboratory science, we may not have a direct contact with the patient, but every duty we perform can affect the outcome of the patient’s health. Patient safety involves being able to collect samples and follow the protocols for the test result. Accuracy in medicine may be a very high standard, but it is worth it when it comes to a patient’s life. A medical practitioner should always have th e expectation not to incur more harm on theRead MoreChapter 1 Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 Review 1. List three areas where health care practitioners can gain insight through studying law and ethics. The three areas are the rights, responsibilities, and concerns of health care con summers. The legal and ethical issues facing society, patients, and health care practitioners as the world changes. The impact of rising cost on the laws and ethics of healthcare delivery. 2. Define summary judgment. Summary judgment is the legal term for a decision made by court in

Cosmetic Surgery Is Worth The Cost - 1529 Words

In recent years, the growing of cosmetic surgery in the United States has put an extensive burden on women, men, cosmetic surgeons, and those who live in this generation to consider what the standard of beauty today is. Living in an era where advanced technology makes everything seem possible, the unrealistic expectations of beauty start spreading that allow mass participation in the beauty game, experience sharing, and encouragement of the ideal beauty. As a result, cosmetic surgery is the number one choice that first pops up in people’s mind when mentioning the standard beauty today. But everything has its cost and the cost of beauty is unstable. With the expansion of excessive use of cosmetic surgery, a question has been raised on whether or not cosmetic surgery is worth the cost. For this reason, many people have linked the connection among the patients and people who consider the cosmetic surgery to see what really drive them to believe that cosmetic surgery is a first ch oice. With the growing of cosmetic surgery, individuals are stepping back and forth to determine whether the cosmetic surgery is a lifelong choice. Some people are totally opposed to this procedure, while others believe in its positive benefits. Therefore, the three positions that most dominate over people’s mind on this issue is extremely controversial. First, the factors that lead people to cosmetic surgery. Second, the consideration is whether the surgery really improves self-esteem, satisfactions,Show MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery : Too Far, Caused Her Death1408 Words   |  6 Pagesis too far when it comes to cosmetic surgery? In Joan Rivers case her â€Å"too far† caused her death. Joan Rivers was known in the fashion world for her blunt looks, but to America, Rivers was easily identified because of her cosmetic surgeries. Rivers died on September 4, 2014. She was eighty one years old. She had cardiac and respiratory arrest on the operating table while undergoing a neck lift cosmetic surgery (Nathan). Rivers once said â€Å"I’ve had so much plastic surgery, when I die they will donateRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Too Far, Caused Her Death1408 Words   |  6 Pagesis too far when it comes to cosmetic surgery? In Joan Rivers case her â€Å"too far† caused her death. Joan Rivers was known in the fashion world for her blunt looks, but to America, Rivers was easily identified because of her cosmetic surgeries. Rivers died on September 4, 2014. She was eighty one years old. She had cardiac and respiratory arrest on the operating table while undergoing a neck lift cosmetic surgery (Nathan). Rivers once said â€Å"I’ve had so much plastic surgery, when I die they will donateRead MorePlastic Surgery Should Be Banned For Teenagers 18943 Words   |  4 Pagesreconstruct or repair body parts for cosmetic reasons in a procedure called plastic surgery. It was not long before teenagers 18 years of age and younger noticed the potentia l benefits of receiving these surgeries, such as fixing misconstrued facial features, or even taking away some unwanted fat. In 2012 there were 130,502 cosmetic procedures performed on teenagers below the age of 19 (Singh). There has been an increase of interest in teenagers for cosmetic surgery and the most common procedures doneRead MoreShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Addictive?1448 Words   |  6 PagesArredondo Mrs. Kehrmeyer Cont Comp 14 April 2016 Plastic Surgery Can be Addictive if Done to Exces People today hesitate to go to the doctor for health reasons or due to cost, or to find out they have a disease, but they will not think twice about going to a doctor to get a flaw fixed. How much cosmetic surgery is too much? Is the rate of cosmetic surgery rising? Should cosmetic surgery be promoted? Plastic cosmetic surgery can be a last resort to fix a feature that is lacking when it isRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Essay791 Words   |  4 Pageson Cosmetic Surgery in 2016? (ASPS 2017) Throughout the many decades, cosmetic surgery had become widely known method to enhance an appearance. In recent years, this procedure has become prominent not only among adults but also among adolescents however, popularity does not mean it is safe and the best option. There are numerous negative effects of cosmetic surgery that people, especially adolescents should consider before undergoing such procedures. Some negative effects of cosmetic surgery areRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: Is It Truly A Cure-All?. It Is No Secret1312 Words   |  6 PagesCosmetic Surgery: Is it Truly a Cure-all? It is no secret that the world operates adhering to strict and unrealistic beauty standards. Rather than embrace everyone for their individuality and uniqueness, society shuns those who do not fit to the ideal, forcing pressure and negative self-images on people. In order to conform to these set standards, people take drastic and life changing measures to alter their appearance, which comes in the form of plastic surgery. According to the American SocietyRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Porter s Five Forces Analysis1351 Words   |  6 Pageslonger a phrase of the past, thanks to the cosmetic surgery industry. Injectables such as Botulinum toxin, (aka Botox), Collagen, and Hyaluronic acid are credited with keeping faces wrinkle-free. More invasive procedures, such as Breast Implantation, nose surgery, and the ever popular tummy-tuck, offer enhancements to those body parts the individual is dis-satisfied with (Grundy, 2006). Because of the seemingly instant gratification, the cosmetic s urgery industry has witnessed a drastic increaseRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pageschange who they were created to be. The importance is that plastic surgery has been destroying the physical and mental existence of human beings. As our society continues to expand and advance within our technology for the â€Å"better of the world†, more people are tempted and exposed to fixing who they are within their originality. The utilization of plastic surgery results in risks leading to more extreme health factors, innumerable cost expenses for each operations, mental stress of dissatisfaction orRead MoreCosmetic Surgery and Middle-Aged Women706 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Cosmetic Surgery Middle Aged Women An article in the peer-reviewed journal Psychology of Women Quarterly examined the attitudes of middle aged women (between 35 and 55 years of age) by asking 108 women in that age group to complete a questionnaire. The questionnaire probed into issues related to women who are getting up in years, including: a) potential body dissatisfaction; b) their physical appearance investment; c) the possibility of anxiety related to aging; d) media exposure (in magazinesRead MoreShould Teens Undergo Plastic Surgery?1565 Words   |  7 PagesShould teens undergo cosmetic surgery? In todays society the picture of beauty is a rail thin super model with the body of a goddess posted on billboards all around the world. Children are brought up playing with Barbie dolls with the body measurements of would be 39, 18, 38. Because of these pictures and other figures of beauties projected all over, today teenagers are convinced to believe that to be beautiful and happy they must look like these images. According to a survey by Bliss Magazine

Gender And Race And Ethnicity Effect Participation

â€Å"Giving definitions of each, outline how class, gender and race and ethnicity effect participation in sport.† Many ideologies in sport have caused controversy, relating to who is entitled to participate in terms of gender, race, ethnicity and class. Participation can be defined as â€Å"the action of taking part in something†, but excludes these potential barriers which can prevent an athlete from reaching their sporting potential. This essay will explore some of these barriers which effect participation in sport, with links to how those barriers have had an influence on the development of participation and opportunities. Gender in sport has been an ongoing issue, especially for women, with many factors influencing their participation in sport†¦show more content†¦Lewko and Greendorfer (1978) also indicated that boys had more opportunities and encouragement to participate in sport through gender labelling of physical activities. These disadvantages for women in sport lead to the development of Title IX – a chapter of the 1964 education amendment to stop gender barriers. Leading to today’s society, over 5% of all women in college now play intercollegiate sports, proving that gender stereotypes have decreased over time (Coakley, 2003). The media have also created a positive outlook on women as an encouragement for them to be more active and involved in sport, highlighting women in sport as being a normality. Despite these advances, there are still gender inequalities associated with sport. For example, in a report from The Guardian, they shown how previous England captain David Beckham had earned $42 million in 2008 compared to Kelly Smith who earned only $32,000 over several months’ despite being considered ‘the outstanding female player of her generation’. These kind of statistics show that, despite improvements in gender equality, there are still concerns when comparing fac tors such as wage earnings and sporting opportunities. Racial ideology in sport is a biological definition, defined as â€Å"an interrelated set of ideas which people use to give meaning to skin colour and to evaluate people in terms of racial classifications†, also used to place others into racial categories and evaluate

The Health Care Crisis Essay Example For Students

The Health Care Crisis Essay The cost of insurance has increased dramatically over the past decade, far surpassing the general rate of inflation in most years. Between 1989 and 1996, the average amount an employee had to contribute for family coverage jumped from $935 to $1778. In 1990, American companies spent $177 billion on health benefits for workers and their dependents; that number rose to $252 billion by 1996, or more than double the rate of inflation. Among the cost drivers: an aging population the number of senior citizens who need health benefits is increasing dramatically every year; medical technology advances which decreased the death rate; new drugs expensive and effective, which make us live longer; and of course the increase of fear in medical litigations among doctors. Increase in usage will surely increase the cost of health care. On average, between the ages of 45 and 65, a persons usage of health care triples. Eighty year-olds use nine times more health care services than 45 year-olds. By the year 2030, the number of people over 65 is expected to double. The cost for medical services have increased as well. Since 1980, medical cost have risen 281%. The number of organ transplants has doubled in the past 15 years, and all transplants cost over $100,000. From my point of view, I think that increase in medical litigations is one of the most important factor of health care crisis. Americans spend far more per person on the costs of litigation than any other country in the world. The excess of the litigation system are an important contributor to defensive medicine the costly use of medical treatments by a doctor for the purpose of avoiding litigation. As multimillion-dollar jury awards have become more commonplace in recent years, these problems have reached crisis proportions. Insurance premiums for malpractice are increasing at a rapid rate, particularly in states that have not taken steps to make their legal systems function more predictably and effectively. Doctors are facing much higher costs of insurance. Because the litigation system does not accurately judge whether an error was committed in the course of medical care, physicians adjust their behavior to avoid being sued. A recent survey of physicians revealed that one-third shied away from going into a particular specialty because they feared it would subject them to greater liability exposure. When in practice, they engage in defensive medicine to protect themselves against suit. They perform tests and provide treatments that they would not otherwise perform merely to protect themselves against the risk of possible litigation. The survey revealed that over 76% are concerned that malpractice litigation has hurt their ability to provide quality care to patients. Because of the resulting legal fear, 79% said that they had ordered more tests than they would, based only on professional judgment of what is medically needed, and 91% have noticed other physicians ordering more tests; 74% have referred patients to specialists more often th an they believed was medically necessary; 51% have recommended invasive procedures such as biopsies to confirm diagnoses more often than they believed was medically necessary; and 41% said that they had prescribed more medications, such as antibiotics, than they would based only on their professional judgment, and 73% have noticed other doctors similarly prescribing excessive medications. Every test and every treatment poses a risk to the patient, and takes away funds that could better be used to provide health care to those who need it. Insurance premiums are largely determined by the expensive litigation system. The malpractice insurance system and the litigation system are inexorably linked. The litigation system is expensive, but, at the same time, it is slow and provides little benefit to patients who are injured by medical error. Its application is unpredictable, largely random, and non-standard. Most victims of medical error do not file a claim one comprehensive study found that only 1.53% of those who were injured by medical negligence even filed a claim. Most claims, 57% 70% result in no payment to the patient. When a patient does decide to go into the litigation system, only a very small number recover anything. One study found that only 8% 13% of cases filed went to trial; and only 1.2% 1.9% resulted in a decision for the plaintiff. Although most cases do not actually go to trial, it costs a significant amount of money to defend each claim an average of $24,669. The biggest cost, however, is the cost of the few cases that result in huge jury awards. A large proportion of these awards is not to compensate injured patients for their economic losses, such as wage loss, health care costs. Instead, much of the judgment, in some cases, perhaps 50% or more, is for non-economic damages. Awarded on top of compensation for the injured patients actual economic loss, non-economic damages are said to be compensation for intangible losses, such as pain and suffering, loss of consortium, loss of the enjoyment of life, and various other theories that are imaginatively created by lawyers to increase the amount awarded. The cost of these awards for non-economic damages is paid by all other Americans through higher health care costs, higher health insurance premiums, higher taxes, reduced access to quality care, and threats to quality of care. .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 , .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .postImageUrl , .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 , .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:hover , .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:visited , .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:active { border:0!important; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:active , .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6 .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc525842d095fe98e21c96ea3e5069ae6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor EssayThe litigation system also imposes large indirect costs on the health care system. Defensive medicine that is caused by unlimited and unpredictable liability awards not only increases patients risk but it also adds costs. So how can these problems be solved? The leading study estimates that limiting unreasonable awards for non-economic damages could reduce health care costs by 5-9% without adversely affecting quality of care. This would save $60-108 billion in health care costs each year. These savings would lower the cost of health insurance and permit an additional 2.4-4.3 million Americans to obtain insurance. The Federal Government also pays for health care, in a number of ways. It provides direct care, for instance, to members of the armed forces, veterans, and patients served by the Indian Health Service. It provides funding for the Medicare and Medicaid programs. It funds Community Health Centers. It also provides assistance, through the tax system, for workers who obtain insurance through their employment. The direct cost of malpractice coverage and the indirect cost of defensive medicine increases the amount the Federal Government must pay through these various channels, it is estimated, by $28.6 $47.5 billion per year. If reasonable limits were placed on non-economic damages to reduce defensive medicine, it would reduce the amount of taxpayers money the Federal Government spends by $25.3-44.3 billion per year. This is a very significant amount. It would more than fund a prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries and help uninsured Americans obtain coverage through a refun dable health credit. I am in favor of the plan Universal Health Care Vouchers (UHCV). It is paid for by a dedicated Value-Added tax of 8%-10%. All insurers would be required to offer a specified health care plan to everyone, with payments adjusted for the risk level of each patient, so that coverage for sicker patients will be reimbursed at a higher rate. Individuals could choose any health care plan they desire, paying for the basic plan with their UHCV, and for any extra services they desire from their own pocket. Over time, this will replace Medicare, as older Americans will simply keep their current voucher plan when they turn 65, and it would replace Medicaid immediately. It would also end the problem of poor people seeking primary care in emergency rooms, by allowing them to have coverage for regular primary care in a doctors office. Employers would no longer have to provide insurance coverage, reducing the cost of employment. I am willing to pay higher taxes to solve the heal th care crisis because I would rather pay a few percent of my salary and have a much better health care insurance for my family than paying $150-$300 every time I go visit the doctor.